1st Hundred Days- In the 1930’s, this time renewed confidence in individuals by having a regulatory structure meaning the government agencies are watching the economy. Laid a foundation. Psychological stimulus created jobs, programs, social safety net. Built things still in use today. Many acts passed at this time. Repeals prohibition. Expand scope of federal government and jolt economy. At this time Roosevelt said “the only thing we have to fear is fear itself.”
13th amendment- In 1865, this amendment abolishes slavery and frees the slaves of America. Obviously the blacks were the most affected by the fresh freedom, but whites also had to get the recent freedom of the blacks. The amendment affected all of the US and is incredibly principal because slavery was no longer legal and supported by the government.
14th amendment- In 1866, the amendment was passed and gave blacks the right of citizenship in America. This affected the blacks because they are finally citizens and whites must understand this novel change and deal with it. This is essential because it is one of the most important provisions in the Constitution for defining and enforcing civil rights.
14 Points – In the 1910’s, the 14 aspects of Wilson’s new plan to keep another WW1 from happening. Some points include freedom of the seas, a worldwide open door policy, and the most important was the establishment of the League of Nations. This was designed as a way for countries to mediate one another.
15th amendment- The amendment prohibits states from denying the right to vote on grounds of race or color. Blacks are affected because they now have a voice in what the government does and whites must cope with the changes in the Constitution. Final ratification in 1870, the Constitution becomes colorblind for the first time in history while women are considerably upset for the lack of notice concerning sex.
17TH PARALLEL – a 1950’s conference in Geneva decided to split the country of Vietnam at the 17th parallel.
18th Amendment- In the 1920’s, the amendment went into affect and prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcohol in America. Many Americans supported the law in the beginning, but there were not enough police to finish the drinking habits of so many Americans. People who wanted to drink found a contrivance through brewing their own beer or finding alcohol at speakeasies and bootleggers. Organized crime added alcohol to its portfolio, and by this time most agreed the Prohibition was doing as much to encourage law-breaking as abstinence.
19th amendment- In 1920, the amendment gave women the right to vote. All of the US is eager and women are happy while men must deal with the large amount of new voters. 144 years after the founding of the nation, this amendment is a major political achievement.
19th Amendment- Extending the vote to women happened in the 1920’s. Many believed that the enfranchisement of women would enhance the quality of both public and private life without insisting they were the equals of men in all respects. Although giving women the right to vote did not cleanse politics of corruption and voter participation rates continued to decline, the 19th amendment became a major political and civil rights achievement.
38th Parallel-(1950’s) Practically wiped out South Korea after swarming the
parallel. Soviet Union takes North and US takes South. North Korea- Soviet Sphere- Kim II Sung- Chose a Korean communist to lead. 2) South Korea- US Sphere- Syngman Rhee- Old and had not been in Korea for very long. Despite being split along an arbitrary line, Korea remained a single society, divided by political factions and religious differences as much as by geography.
Advertising Industry – In the 1890’s, advertising became a major American industry. Advertisements were distributed by catalogs, booklets, posters, cigarette cards, and magazines. This is important because magazines with advertising pioneered impressionism and realism, developed the short story, and revolutionized newspaper journalism.
“All Mild on the Western Front- In the 1930’s, a movie based on a book. Anti-war novel and movie. A soldier in German army in WW1 was shot six times. Best-selling novel. First major war film of the sound era. Portrayed conflicts as selfish power game who duped the common people into participating.
American Federation of Labor (AFL) – A loosely affiliated association of unions organized by trade or craft. The AFL was mostly skilled workers determined to bag better conditions, higher wages, shorter hours, and safety. Although the union was growing greatly in the early 1900’s, they had little success due to the small representation of the industrial workforce and the racist policies.
Andrew Carnegie – Famous in the 1890’s. owned U.S. steal. Biggest manufacturer of steel at the time. Started out as assistant to a railroad tycoon. Controlled every aspect of his business.
Appeasement (Munich Compromise)- In the 1930’s, French and British leaders agreed to Germany’s seizure of the Sudetenland in return for Hitler’s promise to seek no more territory. This is important because the compromise gave hope to future peace in Europe; however Hitler broke the peace by annexing the rest of Czechoslovakia the next year.
BARRY GOLDWATER – 1950’s and 1960’s, a man who said what he wanted. Fierce critic of liberalism. Was born in Arizona in 1909 when it was not yet a state. Felt government should stay out of states business. Said there were too many regulations on business. Very mighty an anti-communist. Said if we act tough they will support down. Runs against LBJ and loses.
BAY OF PIGS - considered the worst fiasco of the Kennedy presidency. In the 1960’s U.S. backed forces made up of mainly Cuban exile landed at the Bahia de Cochinas (Bay of Pigs). There aim was to oust the anti-American leader of Cuba, Fidel Castro. Forces loyal to Castro captured the invaders. Kennedy at first denied U.S. involvement and did not provide the air support that was initially promised to the invaders.
BERLIN WALL - 1980’s, the wall that separated east and West Germany. At the end of the cold war the Germans tore it down. During Kennedy’s presidency there were negotiations for the soviets to get West Berlin. Kennedy refused and they started to do a fence that lead to the wall.
Birth of a Nation (1915 film) – A film made it 1915 involving Americans going through Civil War Reconstruction. The first real full-length feature ever that glorifies the Ku Klux Klan and amplifies interpretations that shapes historical idea for Americans.
Black Codes- In 1865, the Black codes where enforced in southern states of the US. The codes involve blacks, racist whites, and the status governments who enforced the laws. The black codes petite the rights of African Americans which is well-known because the equality of men is apparently not established at this time.
“Black Tuesday”- Stock Market Crash of the 1920’s- occurred and depression happened one year later. Called Black Tuesday. Periodic decline of about a week. People panicked and sold shares. Black Thursday- something is evidently wrong on this day, 6 million shares sold on a day. Many people killed themselves on October 24th and after. Closed the exchange on noon on October 24th. At this time, no one wanted to buy. 16 million shares, 4 billion dollars wiped out on Tuesday. Prices dropped 50%. Only 3% of Americans owned stock- eventually the crash affected all Americans. More people buying on credit- can not pay back the loans after crash. Things driving consumption have vanished.
Booker T. Washington – In 1895, Washington is one of the most powerful black leaders of the time. He believed segregation to be a temporary accommodation between the races in return for white support of black efforts for education, social uplift, and economic progress. He built a secondary school and industrial training institute in Tuskegee, Alabama. Although many blacks did not like his ideas, Washington desired improvement through self-help and uplift.
Boxer Rebellion- Began in 1898 and caught fire in 1899 and 1900. A Chinese organization known as the Boxers wanted to rid China of all foreign influences. Many Europeans and Chinese were killed. This rebellion is important because after the US helped stop the rebels, countries were more willing to accept the open door policies the US wanted.
BROWN VS. BOARD OF EDUCATION – a set of court cases that decided that segregation in the schools violated the rights of blacks because it did not provide equality. This occurred in 1950’s.
“Bullmoose” Party- In 1912, Theodore Roosevelt and supporters withdrew from the Republican Party to form the new Progressive Party where Roosevelt was nominated for President. The new party affected all of the US, because Roosevelt revealed his New Nationalism that called on the government to control the considerable corporations for the common people of America.
Cattle /longhorn Industry - In 1866, cowboys hit the trail with longhorns to sell for a lot of money in the north. Farmers, ranchers, cowboys, northerners, and most of the US were eager somehow. Texas and Kansas played a ample role in the industry. This is important because explosion of railroads made the industry possible and the cowboy became image of American popular culture.
Centennial Exposition of 1876- The Philadelphia fair became a defining moment for middle class Americans as they celebrated the 100th anniversary of their country with a large economic glowing. The celebration was important because inventions and growth were displayed which proved how far the American industry and technology had become. Graham Bell’s telephone and Christopher Sholes’ typewriter were displayed to the public for the first time.
Chinese (communist) Revolution-(1940s) Jiang, supported by the United
States, steadily lost ground to the communist forces of Mao Zedong, who
promised land reform and commanded wide support among China’s peasantry. Mao’s armies forced Jiang onto the island of Taiwan and it became anticommunist. It represents a powerful symbol of the Frigid War.
Chosin Reservoir-(1950s) MacArthur is arrogant. He did not judge Chinese would get involved. Chinese surrounded and slaughtered the US at Chosin Reservoir.
CIVIL ACTS RIGHT (1964) - Passed under LBJ it strengthened federal remedies against job discrimination and in public places, and barred discrimination based on sex.
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) - In the 1930’s, conservation in park services. Space up camps. Education to abet farmers. Most importantly, the program put more than 2 million single young men to work planting trees, halting erosion, and improving the environment in other ways.
Civil Service Reform/Pendleton Act - Government and civil service reformers are fervent and it is during the Grant Administration in the 1880’s. This stops civil appointments and can not appoint unqualified people. Garfield is assassinated, political power is lowered, and civil service exams are still given today.
Compromise of 1877 – in the 1876 election Hayes wins the electoral and not the popular vote. To make up for this they decide to pull union troops from the south thus ending the reconstruction period. This is vital because the south is under a looser watch to adhere to the new laws after the Civil War.
Congressional Reconstruction - This is primary because under congressional reconstruction the 14th and 15th amendment was passed, the southern states were divided into military districts, Andrew Johnson was impeached, and the depart towards reconstruction of the country went faster. This reconstruction happened from 1865-1877.
Containment-(1940s) George Kennan, the US diplomat in Moscow defines the strategies to be used against Soviet Union. Containment became the catchphrase for global, anticommunist, national security policy.
Court Packing Plan- In the 1930’s, Roosevelt asked Congress to give him the power to appoint one new Supreme Court justice for every court judge who was older than age 70 and who had served for at least 10 years. His groundless reason was that the judges were too old to handle the abundance of cases, but the real reason was to prevent the conservative justices and securing a pro-New Deal majority in the courts. Roosevelt’s reputation suffered from the proposal because many sensed he was trying to catch too much power, plus the fiasco was unnecessary because many judges either retired or supported his ideas within a few years.
Crazy Horse – Indian chief who takes over after Red Cloud. Wanted war unlike his predecessor. Led the Sioux along with Sitting Bull against Custer at the battle of Petite Bighorn.
CREEP – stands for Committee to Re-elect the President. Considered to be a very fitting name for Nixon’s group. Associated with a lot of the scandal with Watergate. Took illegal funds during the campaign to get Nixon re-elected in the 1970’s. The head of CREEP, John Mitchell, was associated directly with the Watergate scandal.
“Cross of Gold” Speech – speech by Bryan in the 1896 democratic convention. Compares himself to Jesus being crucified on gold cross. Wants no more gold standard. Brings together populists and democrats.
CRYSTAL CATHEDRAL – giant church created by Robert Schuller. Completed in 1980.
CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS – started in the 1960’s when the Soviet Union started sending sophisticated weapons to Castro. Spy-planes discovered launching silos and Kennedy told the Soviet Union that he didn’t want nuclear war heads so close to American soil. Decided not to attack Cuba in fear of war. Instead Cuba was quarantined. Secret negotiations took place between U.S. and Soviet Union. On October 28, 1962 an agreement was settle upon and the missiles in Cuba were dismantled.
Dollar Diplomacy- In the 1910’s, foreign policy by Taft that was directed towards opportunities for corporate investment overseas was known as Dollar Diplomacy. The dollar diplomacy worked in the Caribbean where no major powers existed. Taft’s lack of balance of power and leadership in foreign affairs increased hostility in Central and South China. This is important because the dollar diplomacy hurt the United States’ Open Door policy.
Dust Bowl- In the 1930’s, heart of the dust bowls are in the Midwest. Dust storms on a regular basis which forced many off farms. Gloomy Blizzards- dust storms of dust and dirt. Ruins irrigation ditches. The storms blackened the sky, suffocated cattle, and dumped thousands of soil on homes and streets. The government created the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) in order to help the plains farmers with their difficulties.
Edmond Richardson - Gradual 1890’s and early 1900’s, he bought cheap land and needed free labor. State pays him 18, 000 to house prisoners. He lies about prisoner reports. This is important because it is like a new system of slavery since labor is needed badly at this time.
Edward Bellamy- A writer who wrote a book called Looking Backward in 1887 that takes place in 2000 and contrasts the America of 1887. His book showed his view of Nationalism where there is no class conflict because everyone works for equal pay. The book is important because it started a group called Christian Socialists who affected Protestant denominations and helped towards the rise of the Progressive era.
Edward Lansdale-(1950s) One of America’s most influential spies during the Cold War. He did a lot of oversees strategical work in Vietnam and used his strategy of “psy-ops,” or psychological operations against an uprising led by a communist oriented peasant army called the Huks.
Eleanor Roosevelt- Primarily in the 1930’s, Eleanor was dedicated to nursing FDR back to health, and displayed a talent for political organization and public speaking. She was an activist first lady who got involved with different groups of Americans to learn about their condition and how the Original Deal could assist them. She spoke out frequently against racial injustice. She was considered the eyes and ears of the president, because of how much she helped FDR. She is essential for her numerous amounts of volunteer work through the American Red Cross and Navy Hospitals, and of course her activism in the civil rights of women and minorities.
Eugene V. Debbs – The speech made by Debs in 1912 scared some progressives. Progressives wanted to improve working and living conditions for the masses but not cede political control to them. Thanks to Debs the different socialist groups co-existing in one political party.
European Alliance System – a complex set of alliances that made it to where when one country were to go to war many others would have to come to relieve it up. Has been in place for over a century before WWI. The reason so many countries were involved in the war.
Filipino War- the Filipino War is significant because there was four years of fighting with 4200 US soldiers dead and a cost of 160 million. MacArthur gained close relations with island’s economic elite while Taft became the colony’s first “governor general” with the intention of preparing the Philippines for independence. The time period was between early 1900’s to 1913. This is important because this is another example of the US becoming a world power.
Freedman’s Bureau – In the 1860’s, started after the civil war to help freed slaves. Started up schools, housing and other important things for the blacks. Even space up a healthcare system for the blacks. Started by Oliver Otis Howard and staffed by Northern liberals, facilitators, no making up rules by southerners. Getting word out to 31 million slaves that they are free. Find jobs and schools for blacks.
GENEVA ACCORDS – Took place in the 1950’s. America refused to sign them. Split Indochina into 3 new nations: Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam. They also split Vietnam into the north and south until elections could unify the country.
GEORGE WALLACE – 1960’s, becomes nationally famous. Runs for president 4 times. Was literally in the heart of poverty during the colossal depression so he has a immense deal of sympathy for the working class. Was originally a very strict democrat but then Truman came along and he started to think twice. Runs for governor of Alabama a bunch of times. First time he ran for Gov. he lots on basis that he was not strong enough against integration and race. Next time he runs and uses segregation. Bobby Kennedy comes to talk to him and he says he will stand at the school doors so that segregation will not go through. He actually does and the National Guard comes in. he eventually gives up.
Gifford Pinchot- A specialist in forestry management and Roosevelt’s halt friend, he led the drive for scientific management of natural resources in 1905. Pinchot was fired by Taft for going public with a scandal involving Ballinger. Pinchot created the National Forest Service and implemented a new strategy involving livestock ranchers paying user fees for lands.
GLOBALIZATION – 1980’s-present, the spread of culture, people, trade or products to other parts of the world.
Haymarket Square – In Chicago during the 1870’s, a brawl and bombing between the police and strikers. Many people died and 8 people were convicted for conspiracy to murder. This is important because books were made after the incident that kept the idea of equalitarian social order alive.
GREAT BBQ – In the 1960’s journalists are summoned to a busy intersection in Vietnam. Leaflets are passed out by local monks. Before the journalists have time to read what’s going to happen, a monk sets himself on fire in protest. He doesn’t move or scream, just burns to death.
GREAT SOCIETY – 1960’s, this was an plan of LBJ’s. It was his conception that he could improve the living conditions and the over all lifestyle of Americans. There were many different programs instated as well as an emphasis on ones that helped others that were already enacted. It did become controversial though because of the fact that the government took control of a lot of things they did not have control of before.
GULF OF TONKIN RESOLUTION – In the 1960’s two ships outside of Vietnam were gathering intelligence when they were attacked. Johnson felt that something needed to be done and went to congress to catch permission to take action. Congress authorized that Johnson could take all important measure to repel armed attack.
Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act- In the 1930’s, the act raised tariffs to the highest level ever in the US. Average tax was 59%. Figured then more likely to buy US goods. Rest of countries and their economies were affected. Destroyed trade with other countries.
Heart of Darkness (real and fictional) - Fictional book based on historical reality. The book was based on the cost of countries taking over other territories. The book was significant because it influenced Americans at the time.
Henry Frick – Important in the 1890’s. Carnegie’s second hand man. Left in charge when Carnegie goes to Scotland. Cuts workers pay and refuses to accept union. Workers revolt against him. Calls in the Pinkertons and eventually state guard to determine everything down.
Henry Morton Stanley- A journalist and explorer who worked to open up Africa to European colonization. “The Great White Hunter.” He was the first white person to travel the Congo and chart the river along with its surroundings. Most of his work was done in the 1870’s or 1880’s.
HO CHI MINH - 1950’s, the communist leader of North Vietnam. Supported by the Soviet Union and scared the U.S. because we thought he would take over the South. America feared he would obtain the election and create a chain reaction of communism.
Hollywood 10-(1940s) HUAC opened hearings to expose alleged communist infiltration in Hollywood. Known as “the Hollywood Ten,” this group claimed that the First Amendment shielded their political activities from HUAC’s scrutiny.
Homestead, PA – In the 1890’s, a town built by Carnegie to house all of his employees. Nice town outside factory that had everything a normal suburb would. Kept nice for a while then went down the drain.
HOOVER, J. EDGAR – 1920’s-1970’s, president when the great depression hits. He I very indecisive about what to do when the depression hits. Underplays what is actually happening. Said that this will be over in 60 days. Agrees to the Smoot-Hawley tariff, raises tariffs to highest in American history.
HUAC-(1940s) House Un-American Committee. They opened hearings to expose alleged communist infiltration in Hollywood. Committee members seized on the refusal of 10 screenwriters, producers, and directors who had been or serene were members of the Communist Party to testify.
Huey Long- In the 1930’s, Long was a former Louisiana governor and an accomplished orator who attacked the Current Deal. He proposed breaking up the fortunes of America and distributing the wealth to provide each American family a $5,000 estate. His views inspired many to join different Share the Wealth programs, but Long was assassinated before he could further his political career.
Hull House- In 1889, the Hull House was made into the first US settlement house by Jane Addams and other progressive activists. The Hull House started the settlement house movement which spreads the progressive ideas of the time.
Impeachment of Andrew Johnson- In the 1860’s, Johnson was officially impeached for violation of the Tenure of Office Act for removing Stanton but the real reason was Johnson’s stubborn defiance of Congress on Reconstruction. This occurred in Washington D.C and the case took awhile and finally fell short of the 2/3 majority from the Senate to be removed from office. This is indispensable because it shows the determination of the House and Senate to move through Reconstruction smoothly and efficiently.
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)- Founded by western miners in 1905 and led by William “Big Bill” Haywood, the IWW hoped to get all workers into one union instead of only focusing on the craft organization like the AFL. The union organized the poorest of workers, and although it rarely exceeded 20, 000, no other union provoked as much fear and violence. The union is primary because the “Ludlow massacre” proved that American workers would do whatever it takes including risking their lives to improve the conditions of the workplace.
IRAN-CONTRA – during the mid 1980’s the Nicaraguan government was taken over by a communist group. Before this it had been one that was friendly with the U.S. After this the United States decided to bring over contras (Nicaraguans who were against the modern communist gov.) and train them through the CIA. When the contras went back the new gov. already had a new army ready and the contras lost. After this congress prohibited funding to the contras. In Iran CIA agents had been taken hostage and the Reagan administration decided to sell arms to Iran in exchange from the hostages. With this money they were not supposed to have they sent it to converse the contras. A journalist in Lebanon found out about this and it reached back to the U.S. where the public learned about it. Reagan said he could not recall giving the orders or of having any knowledge of this.
ISAAC WOODARD – (1940’s) A soldier during WWII who fought honorably in the Pacific. In Feb. 1946 he comes back to the states. On a bus home to S. Carolina, gets in fight with the bus driver. At a stop the driver call the police who arrive to get him while he is off the bus. Beat him to the point where when he goes to court the judge sends him straight to the hospital. In very bad shape, blinded in one eye I think. NAACP recruits help to defend him in trial. Sheriff who beats him goes to court but is acquitted of all charges against him.
JACKIE ROBINSON – became the first baseman for the Brooklyn dodgers in the 1940’s after segregation in baseball finally ended. Pressure mounted after this and months after Robinson joined many other African Americans were signed to other teams. Named rookie of the year in 1947 and National leagues MVP in 1949.
Jane Addams- She is the lady who establishes the nation’s first settlement house in Chicago in 1889 called the Hull House. Jane Addams and her workers helped the poor, handicapped, and the delinquent while playing a role in the progressive movement.
Jim Crow Laws – In the 1890’s, hampers ability of blacks to endure hardships. Segregated people. Brought about much racial violence in the south. Laws used to hamper the blacks ability to move and settle.
John Hay- Will US follow book Heart of Darkness or do otherwise? Great US policy maker. Secretary to Lincoln. Believed in open door trade policy. Fears long term effects after seeing strikes. In August 1898, Hay was named Secretary of Situation and helped negotiate the Treaty of Paris. His contributions included the adoption of an open door policy in China and the preparations for the Panama Canal. He is also renowned for his comment describing the Spanish American War as a “glorious petite war.”
Joseph McCarthy-(1950s) Senator from Wisconsin. Believed he was the answer to the communist problem. Democrats are not tough enough. His politics plus personality compose him current. Sent tail gunning stories of him in the army back home to the US. Was a judge. McCarthy in Wheeling, WV (Feb. 1950) -Began talk about communism and blamed the government. Never actually identified a communist. Keys to McCarthy’s Success- Opposition to elitism throughout the US. Goes after Dean and Truman. Partially because of McCarthy, Republicans obtain in 1952. Army- McCarthy Hearings (1954) -Investigate Communism in the Army. McCarthy’s Downfall- Left the Senate and died in 1957.
KENT STATE – 1970’s, A protest was held here by the students against the Vietnam War. The guard shows up to make sure the protest does not come by out of control. During the allege students start throwing things at the guards. One guard gets upset and starts shooting into the crow. The rest of the guard does the same. 4 students are killed in the incident.
Kim II Sung-(1950s) He was the communist leader of the North Korean Soviet Sphere. Kim moved troops across the 38th parallel June 25,1950, to attempt unification with S. Korea.
Knights of Labor- The main labor organization in the 1880’s was the Knights of Labor founded in Philadelphia. Gave many unskilled and semiskilled workers union representation for the first time. This is important because the organization became a large and potent national federation of unions, winning and losing several strikes. Haymarket contributes to the fall of the Knights of Labor.
Ku Klux Klan- A secret group whose main goal was to destroy the Republican Party by terrorizing its voters and even murdering the leaders. The Klan was established in 1866 in Tennessee but had effects on the whole nation and had multiple movements. The majority of the Klansmen were white Democrats. This is important because members tried to achieve control over the population and troops had to be sent to control the riots of the Klan.
League of Nations – One of the 14 points addressed by Wilson. Was a group of many countries who would come together to regulate one another in an attempt to keep peace.
LEVITTOWN – located in Long Island, New York. Welcomed its first residents in the 1940’s. Builders were bragging that a house was built every 15 minutes. By 1950 there were more than 40,000 residents and 10,000 homes.
Little Bighorn – Fight between Custer and Sioux led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse in the 1870’s in Montana Territory. Terrain was awkward and could not see the ditches all around. Indians ambush Custer and kill him. Last stand for the Indians. Greatest defeat of Americans by Indians.
LITTLE ROCK, AR – In the 1950’s Eisenhower was forced to use the full force of his office to desegregate Central High School in exiguous rock. The dwelling governor, Orval Faubus, tried to blocks the black students from entering and used the AR state guard. Ike put AR guard under national control and augments it with U.S. army. Murky students are then allowed in.
MADELINE ALBRIGHT – 1990’s, first women to serve as secretary of situation. Born in Czechoslovakia, she moved first to Grand Britain and then to Colorado. Married and raised 3 children. Later she began graduate study at Columbia University. Listed divorce and Ronald Reagan as the lows in her life. Served as a UN ambassador during Clinton’s administration as well as secretary of state.
Manhattan Project- (1940s) Creating the Atomic Bomb- Einstein tells Roosevelt to gain a bomb because Germany was racing ahead of the United States in fission. Manhattan project begins, top secret. Product of WWII. J. Robert Oppenheimer was involved.
Marcus Garvey – In the early 1920’s, Garvey called on black to give up their hopes for integration and to residence about forging a separate black nation. Garvey called for black separatism and self-sufficiency known as Black Nationalism. He founded the (UNIA), newspaper Negro World, Black Star Line, and spread his ideas to the country. He was disliked by some for supporting the Ku Klux Klan, and he went to jail for mail fraud.
Margaret Mead- A distinguished anthropologist who decided to study the Samoa people as well as many other people of the South Pacific throughout the 1920’s and 1930’s. Her book called the Coming of Age in Somoa praised the people, for their different lifestyle and lack of sexual anxiety unlike the Americans. She made several expeditions and realized that culture is the most distinguished for determining the role of each individual. In the 1950’s and 1960’s, her arguments about human experience propelled a sexual revolution and rebirth of feminism.
Marshall Plan-(1940s) George Marshall. Under his plan, funds provided by the United States would enable governments in Western Europe to work together to design and carry out a broad program of postwar and economic reconstruction.
Merchants of Death- In the 1930’s, it was the name of people blamed by Nye for the cause of WW1. The Nye committee endorsed claims that the nation went to war to preserve profits of American bankers and munitions makers. In the mid 1930’s, public polls suggested that most Americans opposed involvement of foreign conflicts and being manipulated by the “merchants of death.”
Mr. X-(1940s) George Kennan’s character that first mentioned the term containment in the journal Foreign Affairs. Containment linked all leftist insurgencies, wherever they occurred, to a totalitarian movement controlled from Moscow that directly threatened, by its ideas or military might, the United States.
Muckrakers- A term coined by Theodore Roosevelt to describe newspaper reporters who wrote heinous stories for monetary reward. Investigated journalism started in the 1870’s and was dominant in the first decade of the 20th century in the US. Muckrakers wanted people to recognize the political, economic, and social affairs and to make people take action.
National Security Act-(1940s) Created several new bureaucracies. It began the process that transformed the old Navy and War departments into a new Department of Defense. It also instituted the National Security Council in the executive branch and established the Air Force as a separate service equal to the Army and Navy. Created CIA also.
NATO-(1950s) US, Canada, and 10 European countries formed North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Members pledged that an attack against one of its members was an attack against all of them. There was some controversy about being entangled with foreign problems.
NGO DINH DIEM -1950’s, the United States supported leader of S. Vietnam. He has many powerful friends in the United States. Was educated in the U.S. and was a catholic which was not like the rest of his country. A resistance against him comes up and the U.S. gives its support to do what is needed. He is then executed by his own military in the 60’s.
NSC-68-(1950s) Top secret policy paper officially identified as National Security Council document 68. It provided a blueprint for both rhetoric and the substance of future Cold War foreign policy. It endorsed the more vigorous use of covert action, economic pressure, propaganda campaigns, and massive military buildup.
Oliver Otis Howard – He is important in the 1860’s because he starts the freedman’s bureau which helps ex-slaves determine down more easily. Was a general in the civil war called the “Christian General.” Founded Howard University.
“Inaugurate Door Policy”- John Hay, Secretary of State, designed the concept of the “Inaugurate Door.” The “Open Door” proposed allowing equal trade access for all nations. Hay designed the concept during the late 1890’s. The Initiate Door initially targeted China, where the United States hoped to loosen European trade restrictions. The Launch Door was designed to alleviate the US trade surpluses widely blamed for the economic boom and bust cycles during the late 19th century. These cycles fueled labor unrest and agrarian radicalism, such as Populism.
Operation OVERLORD-(1940s) Ultra tricks Axes about Normandy, takeover of Berlin, what to do with Jews, and Germany’s surrender. Directed by Eisenhower, it began on D-day, June 6, 1944. During the months preceding D-day, probably the largest invasion force in history had been assembled in England.
ORANGE COUNTY, CA – Before WWII it was mostly farmland. After the war though it became a military outpost. Many businesses started to start up around here and it became a wealthy suburb. This is where Schuller got started and where the Crystal Cathedral is today.
Panama Canal- The Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty of 1903 was signed which granted the US a 10 mile wide canal zone in Panama for 10 million down and 250, 000 thousand dollars annually. If Panama objected to the treaty, the US might withdraw troops from Panama leaving the country at the mercy of Columbia. Everyone from doctors, engineers, construction workers, laborers from the West Indies, the President, Panama, and Colombia were eager. The canal dramatically reduced proceed time, enhanced international prestige of the US, and made the US more determined to preserve order in Central America and the Caribbean.
People’s Party/ Populist Party- Agricultural depression in wheat and cotton states produced the third-party Populist movement in the 1890’s who met in Omaha, Nebraska. People involved included angry farmers and supporters of free silver in America. The party was important for representation of farmers and everyday laborers but was swallowed by the Democratic Party in 1896 through William Jennings Bryan’s presidential run.
PERSIAN GULF WAR – in the 1990’s Hussein invaded Kuwait, a major supplier of oil. Bush immediately moved 230,000 troops to Kuwait to protect them and went to the United Nations. There he got permission to spend force to keep Kuwait’s gov. if Iraq was not gone by Jan. 15 of 1991. An air attack started that helped to decimate Iraq and later Colin Powell sent in a ground force. This had lasted only 6 weeks, but took a great toll on the structures of both Kuwait and Iraq and 25,000-100,000 deaths on the Iraqi side. Bush decided to pull out before ousting Hussein because he was not given permission from the United Nations.
PHILADELPHIA, MS – this is the place that Reagan announces that he will run for president. Does this because it is where 3 northern civil rights activists are killed. Gives a speech about states rights to tap into the South’s belief against the government’s involvement in the civil rights movement.
Pig Law - In the gradual 1890’s, a law started to try and bring in more convicts into the jails because at this time convict leasing had come about. The more people in the jails the more free help that the farmers would get so they liked this law. Stated that stealing of anything with a value of 10$ or more was ample larceny.
Pinkertons- Private detective agency, military police force, which specializes in antiunion activities. The pinkertons were used in the Homestead Strike near Pittsburgh concerning the Carnegie Steel Company. Several Pinkertons were killed but the brute force used against the strikers lowered the hope of factory workers around the country.
Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896) - brought about segregation. Plessy was a white lawyer (7/8 white) hired by the blacks to defend them. Buys ticket on a train, find out he is part black, kick him off the train. He won’t leave. Court finds segregation as natural. This is important because the government claimed that segregation was allowed as long as everything was equal.
PLUMBERS – (1970’s) Group started by Nixon to seek out leeks in the white house. Included petty criminals and ex-CIA agents. Funding came from Swagger.
Political Machines – Politicians began building political organizations called machines in the early 1900’s to guarantee their success in municipal elections. Machines provided abominable neighborhoods with current roads and systems and helped immigrants find jobs. Such payments towards government officials were known as “grafts.” Reformers hated the machines for cheating on elections and encouraging vice, but immigrants liked them for the new opportunities they provided. One example of this is President John F. Kennedy’s family.
Potsdam-(1940s) Truman casually mentions atomic bomb to Stalin. On 16 July 1945, the “Big Three” leaders met at Potsdam, Germany, approach Berlin. In this, the last of the World War II heads of state conferences, President Truman, Soviet Premier Stalin and British Prime Ministers Churchill and Atlee discussed post-war arrangements in Europe, frequently without agreement. Future moves in the war against Japan were also covered.
Presidential Reconstruction - Under this reconstruction, President Andrew Johnson refused to cooperate with Congress to pass recent laws and begin the transformation of the country. In the early 1860’s, Johnson intended to exclude upper-class whites and blacks from the reconstruction process and the dusky codes came into do under Johnson. This is important because it slowed the process and showed the country that Johnson was the rank man to be leading the country at this time.
Pullman Strike- A boycott involving the Pullman workers in Chicago in the 1890’s. 1/3 of the workers are laid off and the workers do not get what they want which is a symbol of the struggle between workers and employees.
Pusan Perimeter- (1950s) Where South Korea was pushed by North, all the contrivance down to the tip of Korea. It was the farthest the North advanced. The UN, led by MacArthur, then stood up and pushed the North way back, but they went too close to China and were driven back across the 38th parallel.
RICHARD RUSSEL – Georgia’s senator when LBJ becomes pres. Days after LBJ is in office he brings him in to talk about his views on segregation. Says he must get out of LBJ’s way. Russell threatens that LBJ will lose the south if he does this. This all has to deal with the passing of the Civil Rights Act of the 1960’s.
Robert La Follette – A founder of the Progressive movement, “Fighting Bob” would not compromise to clear principles. In the 1890’s, he even made a weekly magazine in order to spread the ideas of Progressivism. He ran for president under the populist party but lost.
ROBERT SCHULLER – 1950’s, started out as a young Christian minister who gave his sermons in the parking lot of a drive-in theatre. Through time he became a very popular minister and amounted great deal of wealth. Eventually he creates the crystal cathedral which is one of the biggest churches in the world.
“Roosevelt Corollary”- In 1904, Theodore Roosevelt issued a “corollary” to the Monroe Doctrine which gave the US the right to keep European powers from meddling in hemispheric affairs and that the US has the proper to intervene in domestic affairs of nations in the Western Hemisphere. Mainly America, Europe, and countries close to America are affected by this. This is important because it established the US dominance in the Western Hemisphere.
Samuel Gompers- Helped Find and the President of the American Federation of Labor (AFL) in 1886 which was a loosely affiliated association of unions organized by trade or craft. The AFL was mostly skilled workers determined to get better conditions, higher wages, shorter hours, and safety. Samuel Gompers helped lead a growing union at the time work for better conditions throughout the workplace in America.
Sharecropping – In the 1860’s, a system started after slavery so that farmers would still have someone to work the land. Gave portions of land to peoples to farm and in return these people gave them a part of their crop. Not a great system, many felt it was not much different from slavery. Interest rates from loans would be so high that most farmers would be in constant debt.
Sherman Anti-Trust Act- This act of 1890 made every contract, trust, or conspiracy sharp trade or commerce in the US to be illegal. The act involved people in the oil, steel, tobacco, sugar, transportation, or any other monopoly corporations and of course the government. The government lost almost all of the cases brought before federal courts including the US v. E.C. Knight Company. The act attempted to control the monopolies but it was so gargantuan that the Sherman Act was almost a insensible letter at the time.
Sioux Indians – The hanging of 38 Sioux in 1862 was the largest mass execution the country has ever witnessed. Fought against Custard in the battle of Little Bighorn under Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse and defeated him and all of his men. The Ghost Dance performed by the Indians provoked the US into confrontation leading to the massacre at Wounded Knee. Wounded Knee symbolized the death of 19th century Plains Indian culture. The Sioux were eventually confined to only the Dakota Territory.
“Social Darwinism”- This theory evolved in the US and scientists and supporters were involved. The belief of racially inherited traits and Charles Darwin’s “survival of the fittest.” A philosophy that relates the history of humans to that of animals. Began in the slack 19th century when economic depressions created intolerance and suspicion of other races.
Social Security Act- In the 1930’s, unemployment insurance, workers comp, money for elderly. It required states to position up welfare funds from which money would be disbursed to the elderly poor, the unemployed, unmarried mothers with dependent children, and the disabled. This is important because it provided a sturdy foundation on which future presidents and congresses would erect the American welfare state.
Socialist Party – started by groups of farmers in the farmers’ alliance who were fighting for better conditions for themselves. Eventually they began to work together and became the socialist party. Wanted the bimetallic system that ragged to be in plot. Think it will help with debt. In the 1906 election they determine Bryan who throws relieve behind republicans and the parties join. Ends socialist party.
Southern Industries, late 19th cent. – consisted mostly of agricultural farming and itsy-bitsy bit of industrialization. Pretty powerful the opposite of the North at the same time period. Farmers, ranchers, and all southerners are keen and it shows the completely different diagram of life the Southerners maintained.
Spanish American War- In 1898, two things triggered the start of this war. The first was a letter stolen from Depuy de Lome calling McKinley old, and the second was the explosion of the USS Maine. The war was over in a matter of months due to our naval superiority and American victory was complete in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines. The Rough Riders and the Negro Cavalries played a large part in the battles surrounding Santiago. The Treaty of Paris sold the Philippines to the US for 20 million and Spain also ceded Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Guam to the US.
Spanish Civil War- During the 1920 and early 1930’s, the Spanish Civil War caused a debate over foreign policy. Many conservative groups in America liked General Franco as a strong anticommunist whose fascist government would support religion and social stability in Spain, while the political left like the cause of republican Spain and hated the fascist repression coming over Europe. Americans began separating into isolationist and interventionist camps due to the differing views of how to avoid a wider war. Roosevelt then called for international cooperation to “quarantine” aggressor nations.
STAGFLATION – A term coined to describe the puzzling unprecedented convergence of economic stagnation and price inflation during Nixon’s presidency.
“Strange Alliance of WWII- In the 1940’s, first an Asian War. US entering war put US in strange alliance. US, Great Britain, and Soviet Union. Stalin regarded as unequal partner and there is a sense of distrust. Soviet Union is communist. Only included Stalin when they needed him.
STRATEGIC DEFENSE INITIATIVE (SDI) – 1980’s, idea was to create a set based defense program. Some said that it would not work. Opinion was to use satellites to shoot nuclear missiles out of the sky. The thing about it was that it had to be 100% accurate tot actually be useful.
SUEZ CRISIS – In the 1950’s, Nasser took over the corrupt government of Egypt and helped out the economy of it and accepted aid from the United States. He then purchased weapons from communist countries making America distrustful.
Syngman Rhee-(1950s) He was the leader of the South Korean US sphere. Rhee called on the US to catch military backup, and assistance was rushed there to eliminate disloyal South Korean civilians as well as to repel the invading North Koreans.
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) - In the 1930’s rapids made it hard to sail up the river. Dam area to make hydroelectric power and provide electricity to rural south. Finally have power lines. Rural Electrification and Ecological Maintenance. This is important because the program made more than 20 dams, reduced the cost of electricity, constructed waterways to bypass non-navigable stretches of river, reduced the dangers of flooding, and taught farmers how to prevent soil erosion and use fertilizers.
TET OFFENSIVE – (1960’s). Tet is the Vietnamese Original Year. America lets down its guard as a sign of respect for the holiday. The north sees the chance and launches a huge offensive against us. We raze many Vietnamese but the public saw this as another titanic blow against us.
Theodore Roosevelt- Rough Riders- only 20th century president to appear on Mt. Rushmore. Redefined the role of the office. Expanded powers of president. Entered presidency through back door. September of 1901, Mckinley is killed. Extremely activist (TR). Big stance against trusts (monopoly). Declares war on trust. Went up against Northern Securities (R.R. monopoly). Launches suit against power of trust. Roosevelt wins against W.S. IN general, he only wanted to break up obvious trusts. Wanted to control these businesses, wanted government involved to get power. Set up food and drug administration. Largely helped set up National parks service. Created national Forest run by Richard Pinchot. Roosevelt thought of Taft as trustworthy choice.
Rough Riders were Ivy League and aristocrats who played an active role in three battles in Santiago during the Spanish American War (1898). Rough Riders were vital in Kettle Hill alongside the Negro Cavalries.
TO Earn THESE RIGHTS - In the 1940’s, Truman’s committee’s characterize entitled “To Secure These Rights”, called for federal legislation against lynching, antidiscrimination initiatives in employment, housing, public facilities, and the desegregation of the military. This plan led to the support of Truman from many African Americans.
Treaty of Versailles – The Big Four met including Wilson, Prime Minister David Lloyd George of Great Britain, Premier Georges Clemenceau of France, and Prime Minister Victorio Orlando of Italy. Belgian sovereignty was restored, Poland’s station as a nation was affirmed, and the new nations of Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Finland, Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia were created. Germany was stripped of almost their entire navy and air force, and claimed guilt for the war with the signing on June 28, 1919. This is principal because it ended the first world war and established the League of nations as a first step to a new world order.
Trench Warfare - used in World War 1 in the 1910’s. Miles of trenches were dug for the soldiers to stop in. on paper they were a great idea but in practice they ended up making the war much longer and harder. People get sick in them and the conditions were horrible. This is essential because it is a recent style of war that proved devastating to the lives of millions.
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire- Max Blonch and Harris owned the factory in New York City. The disaster involves children, women, immigrants, and American workers in general. 1911 fire. Close quarters and fabric everywhere, doors are locked from outside, Fire escapes are very terrible and collapsed. This is important because it leads to the government and everyone needing to deal with the problems in the workforce.
Triple Alliance - includes Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Turkey, and Italy for a short time. Mostly the central European nations who had previous alliances, and the bad guys of WWI.
Triple Entente - the good guys in the war including Britain, France, Russia, Romania, Serbia, Italy starting in 1915, US starting in 1917.
“Trust Buster” - a person who goes around in an attempt to get rid of the trusts that are explain in the U.S. In 1902, Teddy Roosevelt became the nation’s first trust buster. He believed the government should regulate the industrial giants and punish those that musty their power improperly. Roosevelt and Taft both are famous for the trusts they broke up, Taft busted more. This is important because the presidents expand their powers and confirm that monopolies are not welcome in the US.
United Nations- In the 1940’s, the fresh United Nations (UN) fulfilled Woodrow Wilson’s vision of an international body to deter aggressor nations. The new organization would have 5 permanent members consisting of the US, Great Britian, the Soviet Union, France, and China, and six rotating members. The group had different councils but more importantly drafted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Eleanor guided the declaration which set forth “inalienable” human rights and freedoms as cornerstones of international law. This is important because it replaced the failed attempt of the League of Nations and tried to seek international peace.
USS Maine- Involves the American and Spanish. An American battleship in Havana harbor in 1898 and the USS Maine destruction led to war with Spain.
VIETNAMIZATION - 1960’s and 1970’s, the policy by Nixon and Kissinger to slowly start pulling troops from Vietnam. At the same time they increased the attacks from air with bombing in hope to come to a diplomatic solution to it. Along with this the invasion of Cambodia secretly came about. This new onslaught into Cambodia raised more protest both because we didn’t want to get deeper into the war and it was kept a secret for a long time.
V. I. Lenin - In the 1910’s, Lenin starts the concept of communism in Finland but decides to bring it befriend to Russia. Wants to end the war and support the poor which is just what the people want. Brings communism to Russia.
VOTING RIGHTS ACT (1965) – Passed under LBJ it mandated federal oversight of local elections in the South, and promised to strengthen the ongoing effort to ruin racial discrimination in political life.
WALTER WHITE - (During the Wintry War era). Child of dark parents but looks very much like a white man. Went into southern towns to interview people about lynching that had just gone on. Kept a good record of many of the lynching. While in Georgia he was almost caught and was warned to leave. Gets out of town honest in time. Brings his findings to the president to review.
WATERGATE - In the 1970’s 5 men were found going through the democratic rooms of the Watergate hotel. One was a part of Nixon’s reelection committee. They had cash and surveillance equipment on them. The senate votes to investigate this when enough evidence comes about. Many of the players in the scandal are asked by Nixon to resign their positions. At first they say no. then they have to. Alexander Butterfield, Nixon’s secretary, let’s go that Nixon records all of his conversations. They eventually get the tapes and shows Nixon as a bad guy. Nixon resigns before he is impeached.
William Randolph Hearst- Owner of the New York Journal accused of “yellow journalism.” In 1898, a letter from Depuy de Lome calling McKinley weak was published in Hearst’s journal. This is important because this is one of the two situations that led the US to war with Spain.
William McKinley- President from 1897-1901. He became the leading Republican tariff expert, and during his presidency enacted a very high tariff. Not prosperity, but foreign policy, dominated McKinley’s Administration. His presidency is important because in the 100-day war, the United States destroyed the Spanish fleet outside Santiago harbor in Cuba, seized Manila in the Philippines, and occupied Puerto Rico. He was assassinated and Theodore Roosevelt took over.
William H. Taft- Sympathetic toward the Filipinos, he improved the economy, built roads and schools, and gave the people at least some participation in government. Largest president, more cautious, broke up more trusts than T. R. Taft goes after Pinchot, TR supporters get mad. Pinchot is fired. In 1912, when the Republicans re-nominated Taft, Roosevelt bolted the party to lead the Progressives, thus guaranteeing the election of Woodrow Wilson. His policies were considered to be dollar diplomacy considering he worked towards expanding opportunities for corporate investment overseas.
Works Progress Administration (WPA) – In the 1930’s artistic and brilliant works. Pump money into economy by hiring people for jobs that will benefit the US. 300 million dollars for programs for artists. Concerts and pictures paid for by the government. Artists, Theaters, and Musicians- theatres with unemployed actors. WPA Histories of Slavery- history from slave themselves.
World Fair/ Columbian Exhibition – The Chicago World Fair had 30 million admissions in 1893 to celebrate the 400th anniversary of Columbus’s discovery of America. The first portion was the White City which represented the middle class ideal for the future of America and inventions were displayed. The second fragment was the Midway Plaisance where displays, cabarets, and exotic dancers were displayed. This is significant because it showed the American middle-class desires and the Pledge of Allegiance by Bellamy was introduced at the fair.
Yalta-(1940s) Big Three ((US); Churchill (GB); Stalin (USSR)) meet to decide the shape of Europe after WWII. Russia needs protection on western front. Soviet Union will not ask for money from Germany after the war. Roosevelt died 2 months later.Zephyr Wright - 1960’s, LBJ’s cook, driver and did other things for him. He was a black ma with a college degree. Felt that he should not have to pee on the side of the road because a bathroom was segregated.
Finding Divorce Records in Alabama
